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“To me the beauty of Ceylon lies not so much in its blue seas and golden beaches, its jungles and its mountain peaks, as in its ancient atmosphere. There is no nation, from Egypt of the Pharaohs to modern Britain, in whose literature this island has not at some time been mentioned by one or other of its many names — Lanka, Serendib, Taprobane, Cellao, Zellan, to recall a few. History lies buried in its sands, and ghosts of romance lurk among its bastioned rocks, for Lanka is very, very old.”
- D. J. G. Hennessy, GREEN AISLES, 1949
Traditionally, the recorded History of Sri Lanka boasts of 25 chronicled centuries. But in actuality, her history goes much longer than that, to the Balangoda Man and the Emperor Ravana.
In the 6th century BC, Sri Lankan had already developed a unique hydraulic civilization, enormous pyramid-like Stupas (Dagaba) and regal palaces bare evidence of a civilization steeped in engineering and architecture. The Dagabas and temples show off a culture nourished by Buddhism.
The country was forced to deal with South Indian invasions in the tenth century and European expansions in the sixteenth century. Historical chronicles are found in stone writings (’sel lipi’), ola leaf writings (’Hela Atuva’) and also in great Indian chronicles as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. However the main historical written evidence of the country is the Mahavamsa, which also includes the Dipavamsa & Chulavamsa, their Burmese versions, as well as the parallel Indian records.
There is a long-standing relationship between Sinhalese, Tamils, Moors, Malayans, Burghers, Ja (Javanese), Veddahs, along with hundreds of other inhabitants and cultural groups in the country, which has ensured an extremely close relationship between the groups and cultures. In the past all Sri Lankans were referred to as and integrated in to Sinhalese, but after the long period of invasions and colonization, they are sometimes called by different names. The combination of religious and ethnic similarities continues today between the various races, as they have shared Sri Lanka for innumerable centuries.
Ancient Constructions of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is estimated to have been colonised by the Balangoda people (named after the area where their remains were discovered) about 34,000 years ago. They have been identified as a group of Mesolithic hunter gatherers who lived in caves. Several of these caves including the well known Batadombalena and the Fa-Hien Rock cave have yielded many artefacts that point to them being the first inhabitants of the island.
The Balangoda people appear to have been responsible for creating Horton Plains, in the central hills, by burning the trees in order to catch game. However, discovery of Oats and Barley on the plains dating to about 15,000 BC suggest they may have engaged in agriculture.
Several minute granite tools of about 4 centimetres in length, earthenware and remnants of charred timber, and clay burial pots that date back to the Stone Age Mesolithic Man who lived 8000 years ago have been discovered during recent excavations around a cave at Varana Raja Maha vihara & also in the Kalatuwawa area.
Cinnamon, which is native to Sri Lanka, was in use in Ancient Egypt around 1500 BC, suggesting that there were trading links with the island. It is possible that Biblical Tarshish was located on the island (James Emerson Tennent identified Tarshish with Galle).
A large settlement appears to have been founded before 900 BC at the site of Anuradhapura and signs of an Iron Age culture have been found. The size of the settlement was about 15 hectares at the date, but it expanded to 50 ha, to ‘town’ size within a couple of centuries. A similar site has been discovered at Aligala in Sigiriya.
It is belived that the hunter gatherer people known as the Wanniyala-Aetto or Veddas, who still live in the North-Eastern parts of the island, are relatively direct descendants of the first inhabitants.
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